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Washington, D.C. Newsroom, Nov 14, 2025 / 12:04 pm (CNA).

While the Vatican issued new guidance that encourages limits on the use of certain Marian titles out of a concern that they may overstate the Blessed Mother's role in redemption and mediation, the intra-Catholic debate on the subject has continued.

Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, prefect for the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF), issued a doctrinal note with the formal approval of Pope Leo XIV that reaffirms Mary's "unique cooperation" in God's plan for salvation but expresses worry about two titles sometimes employed to communicate her role: Mary as Co-Redemptrix/Co-Redeemer and Mary as Mediatrix/Mediator.

According to the doctrinal note, using the title "Co-Redemptrix" to explain Mary's role "would not be appropriate." The document's language for the title "Mediatrix" was less harsh but says "if misunderstood, it could easily obscure or even contradict" Mary's role in mediation.

The beginning of the document lays out a biblical foundation of Mary's cooperation in salvation, beginning with her "yes" to the archangel Gabriel at the Annunciation through to her presence at the Passion and standing before Jesus Christ at the foot of the cross.

It explains Mary is not just "a passive instrument in the hands of God" but is "freely cooperating in the work of human salvation through faith and obedience," citing Lumen Gentium, the dogmatic constitution on the Church issued by the Second Vatican Council in 1964. This cooperation extends "throughout the life of the Church."

Mary's cooperation, however, should never be misconstrued to mitigate "Christ's sole mediation … in the work of salvation" or suggest Mary's role is equal to his, according to the doctrinal note. Due to the need of "explaining Mary's subordinate role to Christ" when "Co-Redemptrix" is used, the doctrinal note asks Catholics to not use it at all.

"When an expression requires many, repeated explanations to prevent it from straying from a correct meaning, it does not serve the faith of the people of God and becomes unhelpful," the note adds.

The document further explains Mary's subordinate mediator role but adds "special prudence is required when applying the term 'Mediatrix' to Mary."

It adds: "We cannot talk of any other mediation in grace apart from that of the incarnate Son of God." It warned of "a tendency to broaden the scope of Mary's cooperation through this title" and asked Catholics to "specify the range of its value as well as its limits."

Tom Nash, a staff apologist for Catholic Answers, told CNA that the document helps to clearly explain Mary's unique subordinate role by avoiding titles that "blur proper doctrinal distinctions between the Blessed Mother and her Divine Son" in some cases.

"The DDF doctrinal note helps proclaim clearly Our Lord Jesus Christ and his Gospel anew to a new generation, while also reaffirming his Blessed Mother as the Mother of God, our spiritual mother, and thus our great intercessor," he said.

Nash said he expects to see "a shift away from using these Marian titles" from theologians. He said those inclined to use those titles will likely "make efforts to provide explanatory disclaimers if they do use them on occasion, as a means to preempt any doctrinal confusion."

Frustration among some scholars

Not every Catholic academic has received the doctrinal note warmly, due to the long-standing historical use of both titles and an effort by some of the faithful for the Church to declare a fifth Marian dogma about Mary's role in redemption and mediation.

Nash said he believes that effort "has been short-circuited" as a consequence of the doctrinal note.

Mark Miravalle, a theologian at Franciscan University and proponent of a declaration of a fifth Marian dogma, questioned the rationale of abandoning a title because it "has to be explained," telling CNA that many teachings of the Church need deep explanations, including the Trinity, papal infallibility, transubstantiation, and currently defined Marian dogmas.

"I think that kind of begs the question of the Immaculate Conception and the [title] 'Mother of God,' which has to be repeatedly explained," he said.

Miravalle said the doctrinal note has "understandably caused a lot of confusion" because "so many popes, saints, [and] mystics … have used the titles." The document does note that St. John Paul II did use the term "Co-Redemptrix" but that Pope Francis was opposed to it, as was Pope Benedict XVI when he was still a cardinal.

Laurie Olsen, the author of the 2024 book "Mary & the Church at Vatican II," also expressed reservations about the doctrinal note and emphasized that the title "Mediatrix" was included in the Second Vatican Council's Lumen Gentium.

She told CNA the council fathers had an "in-depth theological discussion about the term" and its inclusion in the document was very intentional, despite a coordinated campaign to have it taken out.

Of the council fathers who expressed a clear opinion on the title "Mediatrix," she said 87 opinions were submitted by 678 council fathers supporting it and 45 opinions were submitted by 540 council fathers opposing it, showing "a clear majority favors the term." Additionally, she said 275 requested the language about Mary's mediation be made stronger, which is "the single most requested change."

Though "Co-Redemptrix" is not used in the council, Olsen said "mediation is the overall umbrella," which includes "Mary's role in the objective redemption."

Both terms, Olsen said, respect the fact that Mary "is always subordinate to Christ," which was always the understanding when they were employed. She said: "It is only because Christ is our redeemer that Mary is playing a part in his work."

She does not think this will prevent theological discussions about the subject but rather said the doctrinal note "gives us an opportunity to continue to explore and clarify what we mean when we talk about Mary's role in the redemption."

Miravalle said he thinks the doctrinal note will likely "galvanize the movement" for declaring a fifth Marian dogma. He said the comment about the titles does not shut down any theological discussion about Mary's unique cooperation in redemption and said the doctrines themselves are more important than the titles.

"I would hope that [this] would not be considered a final word," he said. "Final words are usually reserved for dogmatic statements, which I think would be wonderful."

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ACI Africa, Nov 14, 2025 / 12:24 pm (CNA).

The bishop of the Diocese of Bagamoyo in Tanzania has denounced the extrajudicial killings connected to the country's disputed Oct. 29 general elections, stressing that those suspected of breaking the law should be allowed to go through legal processes instead of being killed unlawfully.

In his homily during a Eucharistic celebration on Tuesday that was held in honor of the victims of the election-related violence, Bishop Stephano Lameck Musomba underscored the need to uphold justice and due process when handling individuals suspected of any criminal wrongdoing.

"Some of those who were shot were participating in demonstrations, others were at home, on their way to work, or in their shops. They were struck by bullets and lost their lives," said the 56-year-old Musomba during the event, which was held at the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral in his diocese.

Musomba began his episcopal ministry as an auxiliary bishop of Dar-es-Salaam in July 2021 and became the first bishop of the Bagamoyo Diocese, which was officially erected on March 7.

Demonstrations reportedly spread across Tanzania for several days following the Oct. 29 vote, as citizens took to the streets to protest an election that, according to foreign observers, fell short of democratic standards after key opposition figures were barred from participating.

At least 240 people have reportedly been charged with treason in connection with the deadly protests, while human rights groups alleged that thousands were killed in the post-election violence and warned that some victims may have been buried in secret mass graves.

Musomba noted that "even those who took part in demonstrations" should not have been judged or condemned instantly, emphasizing that guilt must be determined by a court of law and punishment should follow legal procedures.

"That is why, in matters of guilt, we speak of a suspect," the Tanzanian-born member of the Order of St. Augustine said, adding: "It is the court that determines whether a person is guilty. And if found guilty, the rightful consequence is imprisonment, not death."

He emphasized that "justice for everyone is the foundation of true peace in any nation" and called upon the people of God in the country to return to the founding principles of justice, peace, love, and solidarity that he said defined the country's early years as a nation.

"You cannot build a house in the air. The foundation of true peace in any nation is justice — justice for everyone. If we are not careful, we will go astray," he said.

He added: "Everyone is shocked. We are sad. We are crying. We don't understand how this happened or why it has become this bad."

"Now we are killing each other like animals, we hate each other, we are enemies, we do not help one another, we do not guide one another. It is a big problem," Musomba said.

He went on to reflect on the sanctity of human life, stressing that those killed in the election-related violence "should be remembered not as political casualties but as children of God whose lives were sacred."

"We were created in the image and likeness of God, whose nature is eternal. Whether you have sinned or not, your dignity remains," he said. "That is why we say a human being deserves respect from another human being, not to be treated or handled however one pleases."

He continued: "A person has the right to live, the right to be heard, the right to medical care, and the right to express themselves freely, and where there is justice, there is joy, unity, understanding, and brotherhood. No one sees another as an enemy."

The bishop urged the people of God in the east African nation to continue praying for the souls of the departed, for healing among the injured, and for the nation to remain united.

"We pray that God may receive them in heaven and grant recovery to those who are still in pain. We place our country, Tanzania, in his hands. We pray for justice and peace, the foundation and strength of our nation, so that it may stand firm forever," he implored.

Meanwhile, Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Ruwa'ichi of the Archdiocese of Dar-es-Salaam on Nov. 9 and Archbishop Gervas Nyaisonga of the Archdiocese of Mbeya on Nov. 10 also condemned the killings linked to the election-related violence, each delivering a strong message about justice and peace and presiding over Masses for those killed in the violence.

This story was first published by ACI Africa, CNA's news partner in Africa, and has been adapted by CNA.

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Puebla, Mexico, Nov 14, 2025 / 13:04 pm (CNA).

The Catholic Church has confirmed the discovery of the body of Father Ernesto Baltazar Hernández Vilchis, a priest of the Diocese of Cuautitlán in Mexico who had been missing for more than two weeks.

In a message, Bishop Efraín Mendoza Cruz of the Diocese of Cuautitlán expressed his gratitude "for the life and ministry of Father Ernesto, for his generous dedication to the Gospel, and for his pastoral service, which is a fruitful seed that will continue to bear fruit in the Church."

He also urged the authorities to conduct investigations "that lead to the clarification of the facts of the case and to the justice that every human life deserves."

The diocese also joined "the outcry of so many families suffering from violence and disappearances in our country, and we ask that this painful reality, which afflicts the lives of our communities, be brought to an end."

Finally, the bishop called on the community to offer prayers for the priest's family, that they might find consolation, and he entrusted "to Christ, victor over death, the soul of Father Ernesto and the souls of all the faithful departed."

Suspected perpetrators arrested

In a statement released Nov. 13, the attorney general's office of Mexico state reported the arrest of a man and a woman for their possible involvement in the murder of Hernández. An arrest warrant has been issued for another woman, and her eventual arrest is expected.

According to the attorney general's office, the priest was attacked "with a sharp object," inflicting "wounds that led to his death."

The three alleged perpetrators identified by authorities "reportedly tried to obstruct the investigation by hiding the body in bags," which they tied to a piece of furniture and abandoned in a sewage canal.

The authorities stated that one of the suspects has a criminal record in Mexico state, where he served an 18-year prison sentence for robbery with the use of violence. 

This story was first published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner. It has been translated and adapted by CNA.

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Washington, D.C. Newsroom, Nov 14, 2025 / 13:58 pm (CNA).

The Catholic bishops of New York issued a joint statement that condemns the deportations of migrants who are seeking refugee status in the United States and criticizes the government's actions to strip some asylum seekers of temporary protected status.

"We do not support the sweeping revocation of the temporary protected status that was granted to many migrants who arrived in this country to escape the horrors occurring in their own, and who have justifiably relied upon the legal protections our government offered to them," the statement said.

"Such persons should not be subject to the arbitrary cancellation of their legal status and threatened with a sudden return to the troubled and dangerous nations from which they fled," the bishops added.

The Nov. 13 statement, titled "For You Too Were Once Aliens," was published by the New York State Catholic Conference (NYSCC). Every bishop who leads a diocese in New York, including Cardinal Timothy Dolan, signed onto the statement.

It comes one day after the USCCB issued a unified statement to oppose "the indiscriminate mass deportation of people." More than 95% of the voting bishops agreed with the special message, with 216 voting to approve it, five voting against it, and three abstaining.

Asylum seekers may be eligible for temporary protected status when they enter the United States from a country that the federal government has deemed unsafe. The legal protection prevents deportations to those countries until the conditions improve.

Former President Joe Biden expanded the program by adding six countries, including Venezuela, Ukraine, and Afghanistan. President Donald Trump has worked to remove this designation from nine countries, including Venezuela, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Afghanistan.

The New York bishops wrote that "many … refugee migrants have come to New York," some of whom have been granted refugee or temporary status, while others given no legal status.

"Some have arrived from war-torn countries like Ukraine and Afghanistan; others from Central or South America have fled poverty, authoritarian governments, and drug cartels that made life in their country of origin dangerous for themselves and their families," they wrote.

"Most of these migrants — the majority, our neighbors — are good people who arrived on our shores seeking a better life," they added.

Bishops invoke Mother Cabrini

The bishops invoked St. Frances Xavier Cabrini, commonly known as Mother Cabrini, in their statement. She immigrated from Italy to the United States and "established, with God's grace, numerous charitable institutions and schools to serve those finding their way in a new land," the bishops noted. 

The statement cited Pope Leo XIV's apostolic exhortation Dilexi Te, which says the Church "knows that in every rejected migrant, it is Christ himself who knocks at the door of the community."

The bishops also cited the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which teaches that prosperous nations "are obliged, to the extent they are able, to welcome the foreigner in search of the security and the means of livelihood which he cannot find in his country of origin." It adds: "Immigrants are obliged to respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them, to obey its laws and to assist in carrying civic burdens."

In the statement, the bishops acknowledged that "sadly, as in any group, some have exploited the system and committed serious crimes and other misdeeds" and wrote "those immigrants or refugees who commit crimes should face the appropriate criminal and civil penalties, including deportation." 

"At the same time, general enforcement of the immigration laws must be carried out in a humane manner that does not target the hardworking and law-abiding; that does not permit the wanton and unnecessary separation of families; and that does not rely on campaigns of fear that cripple whole communities," they wrote.

The bishops called on the intercession of Mother Cabrini, who is the patron saint of migrants, and asked Catholics to sign onto the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' (USCCB) "The Cabrini Pledge," which calls for solidarity with migrants.

"We seek her intercession for the concerns we have mentioned," they wrote. "By joining us in signing the pledge, you commit your prayers and energy for the welcome, protection, promotion, and integration of migrants."

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Washington, D.C. Newsroom, Nov 14, 2025 / 15:13 pm (CNA).

Border czar Tom Homan strongly opposed the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' (USCCB) "special message" on immigration, saying the statement would encourage people to make a dangerous trek to the United States.

Homan told EWTN News on Nov. 14 that the "Catholic Church is wrong. I'm sorry. I'm a lifelong Catholic. I'm saying it as not only a border czar. I'll say it as a Catholic. I think they need to spend time fixing Catholic Church in my opinion."

The bishops approved the message on immigration at the 2025 Fall Plenary Assembly in Baltimore on Nov. 12. "We oppose the indiscriminate mass deportation of people," the message said.

More than 95% of the American bishops voted to support the message. The bishops said in the message they "are bound to our people by ties of communion and compassion in Our Lord Jesus Christ" and "are saddened by the state of contemporary debate and the vilification of immigrants."

The bishops' message cited Scripture such as Luke 10:30-37, referring to the good Samaritan who "lifts us from the dust," and Matthew 25, in which "we see the One who is found in the least of these." Floor debate on the measure included bishops' discussion of "the One" referring to the face of Jesus Christ as seen in the migrant.

"The Church's concern for neighbor and our concern here for immigrants is a response to the Lord's command to love as he has loved us (John 13:34)," the statement said.

Homan said: "So according to [the bishops] the message we should send to the whole world is: 'If you cross the border illegally, which is a crime, don't worry about it. If you get … removed by a federal judge, that's due process, don't worry about it, because there shouldn't be mass deportations.'" 

He added: "If that's the message we send the whole world, people are still going to put themselves in harm's way to come to the greatest nation on earth." 

"We saw during the Biden administration, when there was no immigration enforcement, over 4,000 aliens died making that journey" and "40 million Americans died from fentanyl," Homan said. Homan said he wants the Catholic Church to understand that secure borders save lives. 

U.S. bishops acknowledged the need for secure borders in their special message, writing: "We recognize that nations have a responsibility to regulate their borders and establish a just and orderly immigration system for the sake of the common good." 

Homan said: "We're going to enforce the law, and by doing that, we're saving a lot of lives. One of the reasons no one talks about why we have the most secure border in the history of this nation is because [of] exactly what ICE is doing." 

"ICE has sent a message to the whole world: 'Don't give your life savings to come to [the] country, because you're not gonna be released. You're not going to cross [the] border illegally. You're going to be prosecuted,'" Homan said.

President Donald Trump expanded use of deportations without a court hearing this year and ramped up federal law enforcement efforts to identify and arrest immigrants lacking legal status. The administration set a goal of 1 million deportations this year.

Besides criticizing the bishops' opposition to indiscriminate mass deportation, Trump administration officials also have condemned an "activist judge" who issued a temporary restraining order mandating cleanliness and hygiene standards as well as adequate legal representation at a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facility in Illinois. Court records, advocacy groups, and detainees' reports have included claims about the stench of sweat, urine, and feces at U.S. immigration facilities, worm-infested slop, and an insufficient supply of menstrual products.

'Worst of the worst'

Assistant Homeland Security Secretary Tricia McLaughlin said in a statement to CNA: "DHS is targeting the worst of the worst criminal illegal aliens — including murderers, rapists, gang members, pedophiles, and terrorists. 70% of illegal aliens ICE arrested across the country have criminal convictions or pending criminal charges just in the U.S. This statistic doesn't account for those wanted for violent crimes in their home country or another country, INTERPOL notices, human rights abusers, gang members, terrorists, etc. The list goes on."

McLaughlin said: "We are a nation of laws, and, as America's largest law enforcement agency, DHS is committed to enforcing those laws, all of which are just. Lawbreakers should unquestionably be living in a 'climate of fear and anxiety,' that they will be caught and sent home."

In San Bernardino, California, Bishop Alberto Rojas granted a dispensation in July from the obligation to attend Sunday Mass for those within the diocese who fear deportation. The Diocese of Nashville, Tennessee, similarly indicated in May that "no Catholic is obligated to attend Mass on Sunday if doing so puts their safety at risk."

Pope Leo XIV on Nov. 4 said: "Many people who've lived for years and years and years, never causing problems, have been deeply affected by what's going on right now." Leo invited authorities to allow pastoral workers to attend to the needs of detainees.

He reminded that "Jesus says very clearly … at the end of the world, we're going to be asked … how did you receive the foreigner? Did you receive him and welcome him or not? And I think that there's a deep reflection that needs to be made in terms of what's happening."

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Vatican City, Nov 13, 2025 / 15:54 pm (CNA).

Pope Leo XIV during an address at the Vatican on Thursday called for the "prudent" evaluation of supernatural phenomena to avoid falling into superstition.

"To avoid falling into superstitious illusion, it is necessary to evaluate such events prudently, through humble discernment and in accordance with the teachings of the Church," the Holy Father said to participants in a Nov. 13 meeting organized by the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints that reflected on the relationship between mystical phenomena and holiness of life.

The conference focused on the theme "Mysticism, Mystical Phenomena, and Holiness." Upon receiving the participants at the Vatican, the pope noted that, through constant commitment, the magisterium, theology, and spiritual writers have provided "criteria for distinguishing authentic spiritual phenomena, which can occur in an atmosphere of prayer and a sincere search for God, from manifestations that may be deceptive."

For the pope, mysticism and spiritual phenomena are "one of the most beautiful dimensions of the experience of faith," and he expressed his gratitude for the participants' collaboration in shedding light on certain aspects that require discernment.

The mystical life: Intimate union with God

"Through theological reflection as well as preaching and catechesis, the Church has recognized for centuries that at the heart of the mystical life lies the awareness of the intimate union of love with God," the pope noted.

The pontiff explained that mysticism is therefore characterized "as an experience that transcends mere rational knowledge, not through the merit of the one who experiences it, but through a spiritual gift, which can manifest itself in diverse ways, even with opposing phenomena, such as luminous visions or dense darkness, afflictions, or ecstasies." However, he continued, these exceptional events "are secondary and not essential with respect to mysticism and holiness itself."

The Holy Father said they can be "signs" of holiness insofar as they are "unique charisms," although the true goal is and always remains "communion with God."

"Extraordinary phenomena that may connote mystical experience are not indispensable conditions for recognizing the holiness of a member of the faithful," he emphasized.

Leo pointed out that, if they are present, "they strengthen their virtues not as individual privileges, but insofar as they are ordered to the edification of the whole Church, the mystical body of Christ."

Maintaining 'balance'

"What matters most and what must be emphasized in the examination of candidates for sainthood is their full and constant conformity with the will of God, revealed in Scripture and in the living apostolic tradition," he said. For this reason, he urged the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints to maintain "balance."

He added: "Just as causes for canonization should not be promoted solely in the presence of exceptional phenomena, neither should those same phenomena [be looked upon negatively] if they characterize the lives of the servants of God."

"At the heart of discernment regarding a member of the faithful is listening to their reputation for holiness and examining their perfect virtue, as expressions of ecclesial communion and intimate union with God," the pope noted.

At another meeting held this week at the Pontifical Urban University, the prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal Victor Manuel Fernández, gave a presentation on the dicastery's norms on the discernment of supernatural phenomena, which were approved last year. The prelate addressed the complexity and challenges the Church faces in recognizing these types of manifestations.

The cardinal noted that, despite approximately 3,500 cases of beatification and canonization in the last 50 years, only three or four declarations of phenomena of supernatural origin have been issued, underscoring the difficulty of obtaining official recognition of this kind.

"It is difficult to recognize them," he stated, according to Vatican News.

This story was first published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner. It has been translated and adapted by CNA.

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ACI Prensa Staff, Nov 13, 2025 / 18:06 pm (CNA).

Pope Leo XIV on Nov. 13 received Rolando Álvarez, the exiled bishop of Matagalpa and apostolic administrator of Estelí in Nicaragua. Álvarez is in forced exile after being deported by the dictatorship of President Daniel Ortega and his wife and vice president, Rosario Murillo, in January 2024.

"The Holy Father received in audience this morning His Excellency Bishop Rolando José Álvarez Lagos, bishop of Matagalpa (Nicaragua)," the Vatican Press Office reported, without providing further details.

From Chicago, Father Erick Díaz, an exiled Nicaraguan priest, said that Pope Leo XIV's meeting with Álvarez is "an audience of hope and ecclesial communion" as well as "a significant moment for our Nicaraguan Church, marked by challenges, fidelity to the Gospel, and hope in the Lord."

After offering his prayers "that this event may be fruitful and filled with the Spirit," the priest wrote on Facebook: "'Go into all the world and preach the Gospel to all creation' (Mark 16:15). May the Lord continue walking with us!"

"The pope is well aware of the reality of the Church in Nicaragua and the situation of its people. It is undoubtedly a meeting filled with joy," Father Edwing Roman, parochial vicar of St. Agatha's parish in Miami, told ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner.

'A lion of faith'

Arturo McFields, former Nicaraguan ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS), told ACI Prensa: "I believe there is a clear interest in listening to the voice of the persecuted, but not silenced, Church. I believe the Vatican is interested in learning more about Nicaragua and in restoring that prophetic voice to Nicaragua and beyond, because what is happening in Nicaragua is iconic; it not only deserves attention but also clear follow-up."

He added: "I think there has been a significant change in recent months, because many bishops who didn't preach frequently are now doing so, and many priests are speaking about what is happening in Nicaragua." 

"Pope Leo is truly a lion of faith and is interested in the people of Nicaragua, in their faith, which has been strengthened despite the persecution. These audiences and meetings demonstrate this interest and this desire to respond to the prayers of the Nicaraguan people," the former ambassador emphasized.

"We must be attentive because better times are coming for the Church: The faith of the people is there, and their fervent prayers are being heard and, most importantly, answered," he noted.

Pope Leo XIV and Nicaragua

Thursday's audience between Pope Leo XIV and Álvarez comes after the Holy Father received three other exiled Nicaraguan bishops in August: Bishop Silvio Báez, auxiliary bishop of Managua; Isidoro Mora, bishop of Siuna; and Carlos Enrique Herrera, bishop of Jinotega and president of the Nicaraguan Bishops' Conference.

Báez said at the time that he, his brother bishops, and Pope Leo XIV "spoke at length about Nicaragua and the situation of the Church in particular."

The Catholic Church in Nicaragua has been suffering fierce persecution at the hands of the dictatorship of Ortega and Murillo, which intensified in 2018 with the repression of popular protests.

On Oct. 2, Pope Leo XIV received a copy of the report "Nicaragua: A Persecuted Church" by researcher Martha Patricia Molina, published in August, which decries the prohibition of more than 16,500 processions and acts of piety as well as more than 1,000 attacks by the dictatorship against the Catholic Church.

When the report was presented, Molina told the Spanish-language broadcast edition of EWTN News, "EWTN Noticias," that the number of reported attacks could be much higher, but this is not the case because "the laity are terrified" by the dictatorship's threats and Catholic priests "are forbidden from making any complaints."

Who is Bishop Rolando Álvarez?

Álvarez is a Nicaraguan bishop and critic of the Ortega-Murillo regime who was confined by police to his episcopal residence starting in August 2022, along with priests, seminarians, and a layperson.

Two weeks later, when they had almost run out of food, the police stormed the house and abducted Álvarez, taking him to Managua, the country's capital.

In a controversial trial, the dictatorship sentenced him in February 2023 to 26 years and four months in prison, accusing him of being a "traitor to the homeland." The bishop was sent to La Modelo prison, where political prisoners are incarcerated.

After refusing in conscience to leave his flock to board a plane on which the dictatorship deported more than 200 political prisoners to the United States, Álvarez was finally deported to Rome in January 2024, following Vatican mediation, along with the bishop of Siuna, Isidoro Mora, other priests, and seminarians.

By decision of Pope Francis, Álvarez participated in the Synod on Synodality held in October 2024 at the Vatican.

In February of this year, the prelate gave an interview to "EWTN Noticias" in which he highlighted, among other things, that when he was imprisoned he was sustained by prayer and that Pope Francis confirmed him in his position as bishop of Matagalpa and apostolic administrator of Estelí, despite being "in the diaspora."

This story was first published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner. It has been translated and adapted by CNA.

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Washington, D.C. Newsroom, Nov 13, 2025 / 18:26 pm (CNA).

The Catholic advocacy organization CatholicVote has released a report examining the Trump administration's immigration enforcement efforts, concluding Christians must balance charity toward the immigrant with the common good of the receiving state.

The report, titled "Immigration Enforcement and the Christian Conscience," comes on the heels of the special message on immigration released by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) at its fall plenary meeting this past week. 

"A faithful Catholic approach to immigration begins not with politics but with people. Compassion, hospitality, and solidarity with the poor are not optional virtues," CatholicVote President and CEO Kelsey Reinhardt said in a press release accompanying the report.

"They are at the center of the Gospel," she added. "Yet, mercy and justice travel together. One without the other distorts both."

The report by author Benjamin Mann labels the Biden administration's border policies as "reckless" and credits them for resulting in human trafficking, sexual exploitation of immigrants without legal status, and rampant drug cartels. 

"Catholics who advocate strong but humane immigration enforcement are sometimes accused of disobeying their bishops or the pope, and even violating Church teaching," the report states. "Properly speaking, there is no such thing as an official 'Catholic position' on the practical details of immigration policy."

The report says that "despite what some Church leaders in America have indicated, a faithful Catholic can support strong and humane immigration law enforcement — by means such as physical barriers, detention, and deportation — without violating the teaching of the Church." 

The report asserts that Catholic teaching on immigration has been distorted by "an ideological immigration lobby" within the Church that "has sought to present amnesty, minimal law enforcement, and more legal immigration as the only acceptable position for Catholics." 

"This is not an act of disobedience or disrespect toward the Church hierarchy but a legitimate difference of opinion according to magisterial teaching," the report says. 

"The truth is that faithful Catholics can certainly disagree with the anti-enforcement position — even if some bishops happen to share the policy preferences of these activists. Such disagreement is not a dissent from Church teaching," the document continues, citing "recent popes" as having said the Catholic Church "has no 'official position' on the practical details of issues like immigration policy." 

"Rather, our faith teaches a set of broad moral principles about immigration, and their application in public life is a matter of practical judgment for laypersons," the report said.

The CatholicVote document further argues that "it is actually immoral in the eyes of the Church for a country to accept immigrants to the detriment of its own citizens," citing paragraph 1903 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which states: "Authority is exercised legitimately only when it seeks the common good of the group concerned and if it employs morally licit means to attain it. If rulers were to enact unjust laws or take measures contrary to the moral order, such arrangements would not be binding in conscience. In such a case, 'authority breaks down completely and results in shameful abuse.'"

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CNA Staff, Nov 13, 2025 / 13:20 pm (CNA).

Catholic hospitals in the United States are explicitly forbidden from carrying out transgender-related surgeries on individuals who believe themselves to be the opposite sex, the U.S. bishops said this week.

The prelates, gathered at the plenary of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) in Baltimore, voted on Nov. 12 to direct hospitals to "preserve the integrity of the human body" when treating individuals with gender dysphoria.

Such individuals often seek surgery to make their bodies conform to that of the opposite sex. But in updated guidance, the bishops said that while Catholic health care providers must employ "all appropriate resources" to mitigate the suffering of such patients, they can use "only those means that respect the fundamental order of the human body."

The new rule makes into explicit USCCB policy what the bishops expressed in a doctrinal note in 2023 when they said Catholic providers must not take part in procedures that "aim to transform the sexual characteristics of a human body into those of the opposite sex."

The revised directives were hailed by the Catholic Health Association, which in a Nov. 12 statement said that the rules "reaffirm the Church's teaching on the dignity of all persons and their right to life from conception to natural death."

The revisions "clarify and affirm current clinical practices" and "are consistent with Catholic health care practice that does not allow for medical interventions that alter sexual characteristics absent an underlying condition," the group said. 

The organization said Catholic health care providers would continue to treat those who identify as transgender "with dignity and respect."

In their guidelines the bishops noted that it can be "morally permissible" to "remove or to suppress the function of one part of the body for the sake of the body as a whole," though only in very limited circumstances, such as when a body part is diseased. 

In forbidding medical practices that "aim to transform sexual characteristics of a human body into those of the opposite sex," the bishops cited the Vatican's 2024 document Dignitas Infinita, which in part disallows "all attempts to obscure reference to the ineliminable sexual difference between man and woman."

The USCCB's guidance comes several months after the Trump administration moved to prohibit transgender procedures performed on children at U.S. hospitals. 

Multiple U.S. hospitals earlier this year ended their child transgender programs under pressure from the Trump administration. One watchdog group determined that doctors in the U.S. performed around 14,000 "gender transitions" on underage children between 2019 and 2023. 

In January, President Donald Trump signed an executive order to prohibit hospitals that receive Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements from performing transgender operations or providing transgender drugs to anyone under the age of 19.

An EWTN News analysis in 2024, meanwhile, showed that nearly 150 Catholic hospitals across the United States provided children with transgender drugs or performed gender-transition surgeries on them between 2019 and 2023.

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Baltimore, Maryland, Nov 13, 2025 / 13:50 pm (CNA).

The U.S. bishops received a briefing on the benefits and risks of artificial intelligence (AI) from Paul Scherz at the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' (USCCB) Fall Plenary Assembly in Baltimore.

Scherz, a theology professor at the University of Notre Dame, has studied the ethics of AI. At the Nov. 12 meeting, Scherz highlighted some of his findings and shared how the bishops should approach the technology within their dioceses.

AI technologies "have great potential to contribute to human flourishing and the common good," Scherz said. "But note that it would be a mistake to describe these programs as intelligent in the same way that humans are."

"They lack consciousness and any kind of subjective relationship to the world. So as Pope Leo says, 'The person is not a system of algorithms. He or she is a creature, relationship, mystery.' Thus, despite their power and utility, they shouldn't be called persons or truly intelligent," he said.

"We're made for a relationship as created in the image of the triune God. We don't find our good alone," Scherz said. "Instead, our individual flourishing is enmeshed with the flourishing of those around us. Together, we see the common good in our common life."

AI in Catholic ministries

In his discussion, Scherz highlighted three Catholic ministries that can implement AI while also detailing the potential threats. 

The "largest Catholic ministry" AI can be implemented in is health care. Since "17% of U.S. patients receive care at a Catholic institution, it's almost certainly the ministry in which the most non-Catholics interact with the Church," Scherz said. 

"Through these health care institutions, the Church realizes Jesus' call to heal the sick," Scherz said. "Health care is also a sector of the economy that has seen a rapid adoption of AI technologies."

"For the past decade, health care technology companies have sought to put the vast scores of data embedded in their electronic medical records to use and train AI," Scherz said. "Insurance companies are using AI to help fix and complete claims that lack incorrect information."

The issue is the "bias from lack of diversity in training data, such as early genomics studies largely containing research subjects who were middle-class and European descent," he said.

While AI is used to improve diagnostics and enact greater efficiency, we must be wary of the "significant dangers," Scherz said. "Anything that restricts basic access in a biased manner would be an offense against the equal human dignity emerging from our shared participation in the image of God."

Also, "the algorithm cannot substitute a gesture of closeness or a word of consolation," Scherz said. "Much of what practitioners do is not a pure analytic process. They negotiate with patients to accept care, maintain the spirits of people suffering from a chronic disease, and tinker with therapy so that they better fit the complicated lives of patients."

"A second ministry heavily affected by AI are Catholic schools," Scherz said. Education and technology entrepreneurs "are promising a future in which AI enables personalized education for every student."

"In this vision, AI would be a personal tutor for each child, or at least develop learning plans tailored to the individual," but AI cannot replace teachers, because they "do more than convey knowledge," Scherz said.

Teachers "model essential human qualities and inspire the joy of discovery. This relationship of encounter is at the heart of true education. The teacher fosters virtues and serves as an exemplar," he said.

He also highlighted the clear threat that students will abuse AI and use it to complete writing assignments. Scherz said: "This is a crisis for schools, especially those of the liberal arts curriculum like Catholic schools, because writing is not just about producing content. Writing essays forces a student to think, to organize ideas, to argue coherently." 

Lastly, Scherz addressed AI in the pastoral field. He said: "There is increasing evidence that people are turning to chatbots for religious resources" and AI "is becoming a standard for religious authorities."

"People are prompting AI, or developing AI applications, that frame their responses and act in the persona of God or a religious figure," Scherz said. "People are using AI to develop spiritual inventories or to provide spiritual direction."

"Catholic sites are using AI to provide laypeople with access to Church teaching," Scherz said. He explained that pastors and parishioners using AI as a research tool to find interpretations of Scripture, catechism information, or doctrine could be beneficial.

For these Catholic AI systems to work, people must actually examine the source material provided. Scherz said: "Unfortunately, people tend to rely on the AI summary, and what starts as a research tool can frequently become more than that."

AI companions "are incredibly dangerous, especially due to AI's tendencies toward hallucination and psychosis," Scherz said. Also "engagement with chatbots can prevent actual encounter with pastors, as people may feel their needs are meant by AI."

AI "also raises concerns on the side of pastors," Scherz said. "There are increasing reports of pastors using it for the spiritual aspect of their work, like writing homilies or preparing religious education materials."

"The problem is that, as with writing in general, homilies are in part formative — shaping the pastor as he engages with Scripture," Scherz said. "Totally abnegating this role to AI would undermine the authenticity of the pastor's witness."

"Technologies provide great opportunities, but also great dangers. They can lead to injustice, alienation, and deformation of character," Scherz said. "At the same time, AI offers greater efficiency and new capacities for serving the common good."

Scherz said: "The emergence of AI provides the Church with an evangelical opportunity … People are asking basic questions of what it means to be human for the first time in a long time" and "the Church can provide those answers." 

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